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1.
Heliyon ; 9(5): e15640, 2023 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2311044

ABSTRACT

Trained dogs can recognize the volatile organic compounds contained in biological samples of patients with COVID-19 infection. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of in vivo SARS-CoV-2 screening by trained dogs. We recruited five dog-handler dyads. In the operant conditioning phase, the dogs were taught to distinguish between positive and negative sweat samples collected from volunteers' underarms in polymeric tubes. The conditioning was validated by tests involving 16 positive and 48 negative samples held or worn in such a way that the samples were invisible to the dog and handler. In the screening phase the dogs were led by their handlers to a drive-through facility for in vivo screening of volunteers who had just received a nasopharyngeal swab from nursing staff. Each volunteer who had already swabbed was subsequently tested by two dogs, whose responses were recorded as positive, negative, or inconclusive. The dogs' behavior was constantly monitored for attentiveness and wellbeing. All the dogs passed the conditioning phase, their responses showing a sensitivity of 83-100% and a specificity of 94-100%. The in vivo screening phase involved 1251 subjects, of whom 205 had a COVID-19 positive swab and two dogs per each subject to be screened. Screening sensitivity and specificity were respectively 91.6-97.6% and 96.3-100% when only one dog was involved, whereas combined screening by two dogs provided a higher sensitivity. Dog wellbeing was also analyzed: monitoring of stress and fatigue suggested that the screening activity did not adversely impact the dogs' wellbeing. This work, by screening a large number of subjects, strengthen recent findings that trained dogs can discriminate between COVID-19 infected and healthy human subjects and introduce two novel research aspects: i) assessement of signs of fatigue and stress in dogs during training and testing, and ii) combining screening by two dogs to improve detection sensitivity and specificity. Using some precautions to reduce the risk of infection and spillover, in vivo COVID-19 screening by a dog-handler dyad can be suitable to quickly screen large numbers of people: it is rapid, non-invasive and economical, since it does not involve actual sampling, lab resources or waste management, and is suitable to screen large numbers of people.

2.
Il Cesalpino ; - (56):29-33, 2022.
Article in Italian | Academic Search Complete | ID: covidwho-2124598

ABSTRACT

I lockdown del periodo COVID-19 e i cambiamenti nelle abitudini della popolazione come l'inattività fisica esacerbata durante il confinamento, l'aumento del consumo di snack e cibi zuccherini, insieme allo stress psicofisico, hanno prodotto conseguenze importanti sulla salute specialmente nei pazienti con Diabete Mellito di tipo 2 (T2DM). Scarsa salute metabolica e stili di vita scorretti sono fattori associati a rischio di covid-19 e maggior severità mentre la dieta vegetariana è stata associata a minor rischi particolarmente vero nelle aree socio economicamente povere. Anche l'obesità determinando disfunzione metabolica, infiammazione cronica, risposta immunitaria compromessa e disordini multipli aumentanti la vulnerabilità del soggetto, è stata fortemente e indipendentemente associata con un aumento del rischio di severità e morte per covid19. L'attività motoria, se associata a una corretta e sana alimentazione ricca di micronutrienti riduce infiammazione e stress ossidativo e rafforza il sistema immunitario, proteggendo meglio l'individuo dall'infezione. Inoltre queste azioni riducono il sovrappeso, la pressione sanguigna, la glicemia e i livelli di grassi nel sangue e, consente al nostro corpo di invecchiare serenamente. Nella ripartenza post-Covid-19 perciò serve rinnovare l'attenzione per uno stile di vita equilibrato come strumento fondamentale di difesa dalle epidemie, in cui l'individuo sappia coniugare una sana e corretta alimentazione, all'attività motoria, all'eliminazione dei fattori di rischio, ai principi della profilasi e cura medica. La medicina orale, emergente disciplina medica, ha evidenziato come anche la salute orale compreso un corretto funzionamento delle ghiandole salivari sia uno dei pilastri della salute generale dell'individuo insieme allo stile di vita. Anche la salute orale pertanto merita una particolare attenzione con azioni di monitoraggio, prevenzione e cure adeguate che prevedano prescrizioni terapeutiche idonee ed efficaci per il suo mantenimento. (Italian) [ FROM AUTHOR]

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